Emotional framing of NGO press releases: Reformative versus radical NGOs

Drawing on the literature framing, we explore emotional framing differences in radical and reformative NGOs over time. We analyse sentiment of a sample 5880 press releases issued by five positioned differently reformative-radical spectrum examine how they address large companies. Our findings reveal an increasing polarisation these NGOs' with individual gravitating towards ideal-type or positions, respectively. In alignment their observe approaches to cross-sector partnerships. Policymakers need note implications observed for effectiveness credibility partnerships multi-stakeholder initiatives more generally, given risk co-optation (for NGOs) as well foregoing significant funding governance opportunities NGOs).